WHY’S THE ENVIRONMENT SO CONTROVERSIAL?

Say the word ENVIRONMENT to ten people and you will get ten different reactions from disdain to reverence. It’s always perspective. In these days where people form their facts from opinions, steeped in the echo chambers of CNN, FOX, MSNBC, and (god-forbid) social media, chances are the spin is something they’ve been force fed.

It wasn’t always like this. And if you personalize the conversation, you’re likely to get a far different reaction. A rancher in Colorado who is forced to contend with the reintroduction of wolves and its impact on his livestock rails against the urban environmentalists who voted the reintroduction into law. Chances are that rancher has a far greater understanding and connection to the natural environment than arm-chair environmentalists in metropolitan Denver. The rancher respects the land, soil, and water on a personal level. The hunter, who is vilified by animal rights extremists (think ALF: Animal Liberation Front or PETA) often has a far greater love and appreciation for the natural environment than those that preach. It’s never black and white.

The transcendentalists of the 1800’s (Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, to name a few), gave the natural environment a voice. Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot fostered Yellowstone and preserved 172 million acres of National Forests. Few would label Teddy a “radical” environmentalist. There’s that term again, “radical,” that’s being used far too often to voice disdain.

On April 22, 1970, the first Earth Day, twenty million people, 10% of the entire population at the time, marched in favor of environmental protections. That led to the adoption of the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Endangered Specie Act. Bipartisan votes in both the House (366 to 11) and Senate (74 to 0) overrode President Nixon’s veto of the Clean Water Act. Remember when bipartisan votes were a thing?

If you ask most people one on one whether they want clean air to breath, clean water to drink and swim in, and the natural environment protected for future generations, I suspect the vast majority would say of course.  The next time you hear terms like “the environment,”  “environmentalists,” or “climate change,” divorce yourself from the partisan echo-chamber and ask yourself honestly what you believe. The previous generation did. My generation did (except for a few outliers).

Now go out in nature and breathe.

WE THE PEOPLE

I was born on the 4th of July and have sworn an oath to the Constitution six times. It means something to me.

Those feelings can be summed up in the beginning language of the Declaration of Independence.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed…

Powerful words put to paper 249 years ago this week. Even the capitalizations used stress the importance of men, all men (and women) over governments. Democracy over Autocracy and Monarchy.

The protections of the Constitution are found in its amendments. The first ten, written by James Madison (the Bill of Rights), were written to satisfy the anti-federalists that feared too much power aggregated in the hands of the government, particularly the executive. Today, Congress and, increasingly, the Judiciary, have given territory under the checks and balances landscape of our three-co-equal branches of government to the executive.

It's a dangerous path that would trouble the founding fathers. Luckily, all power the government (and executive in particular) has is dependent on a greater power. The power of the people. The power of the vote.

It’s not the first time, one branch has vaulted ahead. History is a lesson in swings. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton lobbied  for the Legislative branch to be the strongest, feeling it to be the branch most  accountable to the people. The Warren Court (1953-1969) expanded civil rights and civil liberties lurching ahead of its counterparts. Today, the executive seeks what many see as unrestricted power. It may accomplish that, but the pendulum will swing back. For every action there is a reaction. That is the beauty and strength of the Constitution. 

So, when you read the news (right or left), it’s always good to have perspective. Today’s platforms to control speech, what is read, sexual orientation, media, culture, and thought will be the other party’s platform tomorrow (to the dismay of most in the middle).

The true meaning of the Constitution is to treat your fellow countryman with respect, whether you agree with their philosophies are not. Discourse over discord is what our founding fathers sought. We the people.

THE POWER OF WATER

Normally, I write of water security, water misuse, water conflicts, and climate change impacts to water. Today, everything I see, read, and listen to calls out for healing affect of water.

Today, the news cycle brings us war in Ukraine and the Middle East. A politically motivated assassination in Minnesota, a divisive parade in DC, and millions marching in opposition across the country. A third of the country listens to the news cycle feeding them fears, another third listens to a different news cycle amping them up to resist, while another third has either given up, or perhaps never obsessed about what surrounds them. All three factions need a singular thing, peace. Peace of mind, peace of spirit, peace to be free of the cantankerous hum. Water, the natural environment, and disconnecting can do that.

I am lucky enough to live on the western slope of Colorado, where nature is just outside my window. But, even if you live in LA or New York, nature can be found in a park, along a waterfront, even in a backyard garden bed. Putting the phone down, even for an afternoon, pausing, and looking at nature, a pond, river, or oceanfront, has an immense healing effect.  

The Egyptians built viewing platforms along the Nile, the Roman baths were thought o have god-like healing effects, and Teddy Roosevelt felt rivers and the natural environment were so important to ou country’s health and future, that he championed the first federal water policies and protected over 230 million acres by creation of 150 national forests, five national parks, and scores of national monuments and sanctuaries.

Last week, I spent three days off-grid, next to a trout stream. Sitting around a campfire with my wife, dog, and listening to a rushing river was relaxing, and invigorating at once. Five chapters (the first five chapters) of a new book. It works for me.  

THE COMING WATER WAR IN AFRICA? THE DENIAL OF THE NILE

There have been countless conflicts over water. From ancient Babylonia’s damming of the Tigris (1700 BC), to Machiavelli and Leonardo da Vinci’s plan on behalf of Florence to cut off Pisa’s water supply (1503), to Arizona calling out its militia and national guard (coined the Arizona Navy) in 1935 to prevent the construction of Parker Dam on the Colorado River, the history of water wars is lengthy.  

In my June 25, 2021, blog, I wrote of the conflict on the Nile between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt (and my first novel, Threatened Waters, featured it in 2014). Well, things haven’t gotten any better…at all.

Ethiopia, with Chinese backing through China’s Gezhouba Corporation and Exim Bank, has been constructing the Grand Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile since 2011. It has been filling for the last four years and has begun to generate hydropower. When completed and filled, it will generate 6,450 MW of electricity, Africa’s largest hydro facility. Downstream Sudan and Ethiopia aren’t happy. Egypt has rattled sabers of war stating it intends to “defend its national security.” With 90% of its population dependent on the Nile’s flow, Egypt is understandably wary.

Now that it is in place, the time for military strikes may be passed. Destruction of the dam would result in catastrophic damage downstream. China’s increased presence in Africa in search of raw materials and strategic geopolitical engagement, telegraphs that it won’t let its investment be taken by force.

So, what to do? The Nile has a history of poor management and even poorer cooperation stemming from failed and often ignored Colonial Britain agreements (1929 Nile Waters Agreement) to the bilateral Egypt/Sudan 1959 Agreement. What may alter this historical deadlock are infrastructure realities. Ethiopia’s electric grid is nowhere near able to handle the electric load from the dam. Cooperation with its neighbors, Sudan, Uganda, and Egypt is needed to develop a 21st century grid capable of monetizing and delivering the hydropower. Basin cooperation will have to occur. If this isn’t in the cards, China and Ethiopia’s five billion dollar investment may well become a white elephant.

CORAL: You Need it More than You Know

I’ve written before that water issues and climate change are inescapably linked. This applies not just to the effect on terrestrial habitat like rivers, groundwater, and the like, but the marine environment.

I grew up a fair amount of my youth in the South Pacific, born in July (a water sign), with over 2,000 dives (along with divemaster, rescue diver, high-altitude, etc. certifications).  The awe and beauty I’ve seen I fear will no longer be present for our children to enjoy.

Coral reefs make up 0.01% of the sea bottom. But over 25% of all sea life lives in that fraction of the ocean. And that endangered habitat is critical to billions of humans on the planted. Reefs provide the backbone of all sea life, fish stocks, and protect coastal zones. Without the reefs the marine life that billions on the planet rely on for economic life and food will be impaired, lost, eliminated.

In the last forty years, global temperatures have risen 1.2 F degrees and the result has been the loss of 50% of al coral reefs. The general acceptance is that if temperatures rise to +2 degrees, 99% of all reefs will be lost. And, at the present rate of warming, that will be in the next generation’s lifetime.

Three culprits attack the reefs: Heat, acid, and turbulence. When subjected to these influences, corals, which are animals (colonial invertebrates to be exact), become what is known as “bleached.” When stressed by temperature, acid, or storms, coral expel zooxanthellac (algae in their tissues) leaving only their white skeletons.

·         Heat: Corals live in a narrow band of temperature. Too hot, they die. Thermal stress is the largest threat to coral.

·         Acidification: The ocean is a large carbon sink. Increased carbon dioxide absorption results in lower PH (increase acid in the ocean).

·         Storms: As global and sea temperatures rise, stronger and more frequent storms occur challenging the already weakened coral structure.

It’s not all gloom and doom, with global efforts to reduce greenhouse emissions, the pattern can be slowed. And, there are a lot of bright, new ideas bubbling up (sorry for the cliché). Until massive cuts to NOAA’s budget, studies abounded to combat reef loss. NGO’s like The Coral Reef Alliance and Florida’s Coral Restoration Foundation have been bright spots in protecting reefs. Social media has played a positive role in educating care when snorkeling, diving, and boating around reef systems. And, new technology like concrete breeze blocks to artificially assist coral formation and coral nurseries for transplanting coral, hold promise.

In short, this is our generation’s problem to solve. I’ve had countless dives on the Great Barrier, and throughout the Caribbean, Red Sea, and South Pacific. It used to be uncommon, shocking to see a bleach event, now it is the norm. We created the problem, and we can fix it so that the next generation can have the wonder of the sea I have been lucky enough to experience.  

DAM(N), I HAD NO IDEA I WAS DEWATERING AMERICA

I’ve railed against the wasteful and dumb use of water before. These days, the tech billionaires and the administration actively promote cryptocurrencies and other wasteful uses of water.  A single bit-coin transaction can use 6.2 million times more water than a credit card swipe. Why? Electricity, power demands.

Electric demand in the US is expected to increase by over 75% in the next 25 years. Much of that demand will come from crypto-mining and data centers. Another chunk will come from rising temperatures resulting in longer cooling seasons and higher cooling loads (climate change). So, what does that have to do with water?

We are still using technology from the mid-20th century to generate electricity. Turbines driven by steam, created by superheating water. On average 2.0 gallons of freshwater are consumed to generate one kWh of electricity. The exception, of course, is hydro-electric dams/turbines. Here’s the average breakdown:

 ·         Water Used in Coal Fired Power Plant to Generate One MWh:          35,000 gal

·         Water Used in Nuclear Power Plant to Generate One MWh:                2,200 gal 

·         Water Used in Gas Fired Power Plant to Generate One MWh:            2,800 gal

 The energy needed to mine one bitcoin has been estimated to conservatively require 155 MWh, about the amount of energy a single family residence uses over 50 days. So, if the mining of a single bitcoin consumes the same amount of water as 6-7 homes in a year, how responsible (or irresponsible) is it to promote and partake in crypto-currencies?

Cryptocurrencies produce no independent tangible benefit. They are just another currency, just another investment vehicle.  A wasteful footprint the world cannot afford. I’m an optimist. I suspect that if people knew these facts, they would choose not to delve into cryptocurrencies.

BLOWING OFF STEAM Water & Climate Change

Water issues and climate change are inescapably linked. Unlike other natural resources, water can be present in all three forms: a liquid (fluid water), a solid (ice), and a gas (vapor).

Think back to your high school science class (back when science was taught). Remember British Therma Units (BTU)? Stay with me for two sentences. It may sound boring but stick with me. Boring Sentence One: A BTU is the unit of energy used to measure heat. Boring Sentence Two: Inextricably, it is tied to water as one BTU is the amount of energy needed to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. 

Yawn, what does this have to do with water and climate change, you ask?  

Heat is energy. Heat flows in one direction, from a warm object to a cooler one. So, when the oceans and land masses warm, the atmosphere warms. The result is water vapor (moisture in the atmosphere) increases. Stronger and more frequent storms. More violent weather patterns, and this can occur in two directions, more frequent and longer droughts. 

Hey, you say, what’s one degree to anyone? For every one degree Celsius rise, the atmosphere stores an additional 7% more water, heat, and energy. 

The impact to agriculture is dramatic, but also to municipal water supplies, industrial output, water pollution, and your pocketbook. Think, storm damage, insurance rates, availability of mortgages, and increased taxes to harden water and wastewater infrastructure. 

So, the next time you hear someone describe climate change as a hoax, ask whether they believe water scarcity and severe weather events are also hoaxes. Those involved with agriculture, municipal finance, insurance risk, utility planning, or just live in the state of Florida (yes, hurricanes have become more frequent and severe there in the last forty years) likely won’t use the term hoax.

WATER WARS Part 1: India & Pakistan

I write thrillers that weave in nature concepts like climate, the environment and water. I have spent my life dealing with one subject, water. My first attempt at a thriller exposed conflict over water between Turkey  and Iraq. Nations have been close to war over water. With climate change, looming conflicts are when not if.

This week’s skirmish between two hostile nuclear powers, India and Pakistan was ostensibly over control over Kashmir, but embedded in that conflict is the resource of water. The Indus River originates in China, flows into India and then into Pakistan. It’s six primary tributaries are he subject of a transboundary treaty (the 1960 Indus Water Treaty (IWT)), that generally allocates the three Eastern tributaries (Ravis River, Beas River, and Sutlej River to India) and the three Western tributaries (Indus River, Jhelum River, and Chenab River) are split 80% to Pakistan and 20% to India.

Well, the old water saying is, “I’d rather be upstream with a shovel than downstream with a water right.” India has been making overt rumblings that it wants to renegotiate the ITW, citing climate change impacts to the watersheds and its demands. Pakistan is not eager; 80% of its agriculture and a third of its hydropower is reliant on its share of the ITW.

So, when India blamed Pakistan for targeting Hindu tourists in a deadly attack in Kashmir, it “suspended” the ITW. Pakistan denied involvement in the attack and despite the ceasefire between the parties, the ITW remains suspended with Pakistan threatening legal recourse under the treaty. India really can’t stop the flow into Pakistan, it’s that pesky thing called gravity. Without infrastructure, to divert water the water, it will continue to flow…for now. But there is little doubt that this is a conflict that will intensify as demands increase and the effects of climate change reduce the supply side of the equation.

Stay tuned, there are at least seven other simmering transboundary water conflicts. I see another novel brewing.

WATER VARIABILITY, OR, IT’S THE DAMN CLIMATE

I write thrillers that weave in nature concepts like climate, the environment and water. I have spent my life dealing with one subject, water. As a water attorney fortunate enough to represent some of the nation’s most prominent companies, people, and water providers, I’m constantly amazed at how little water, an element that makes up 60% of our body, and defines our planet’s existence, is understood.

Climate change impacts are most dramatically apparent when it comes to water.

When I hear people (mostly politicians and pundits) decry climate change as a hoax on the basis that last winter was cold or snowy, I know they’re really faking it for a good sound bite. Weather is the short term atmospheric condition at a given time. In contrast, climate is the long-term average of that weather. What the weather might be today or last month is not a representative picture of climate.

It's equally egregious (in my opinion) to call it global warming. The impacts of climate change may make some regions colder, wetter, and others warmer, drier. While the earth is warming, it is the effect of that warming that caused climate variability or climate change.

Remember that science class you struggled through in high school? You put water in a glass beaker, lightly put a stopper in the beaker and then put the beaker over a bunsen burner’s flame? Steam formed in the beaker above the boiling water and the black rubber top popped off (usually before the beaker shattered, sending deadly shards of glass across the classroom, as it did in my experiment).

That’s the impact of climate change. Heat equals energy. Volatility. Stronger storms, more severe droughts, more extreme precipitation events. Hence, why I use the term climate variability.

Let’s look at the current drought conditions in the Colorado River basin. 

And look at the same time last year (April 16, 2024):

If you were to develop an average of the last ten or twenty years (minimum), you would have a picture of the climate by precipitation averages. Looking at the weather or water content of an area for a single season can be useful to judge actions for that season, but not the future. As Will Rogers said, “Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.” In contrast, man can take actions to do something about climate.

WHO’S USING MY WATER?

I always cringe when I hear those two words together: MY WATER. Why, you ask. First, a bit about my perspective. I have spent my life dealing with one subject, water. As a water attorney fortunate enough to represent some of the nation’s most prominent companies, people, and water providers, I’ve heard those two words together too many times.

It's a NIMBY term usually uttered by those that don’t understand where water comes from, how it is used, who has rights to it, and how fragile and treasured water is. There’s a saying: If you have water, you don’t understand it; if you don’t have water, you know water well. In other words, if you’re from the East, you likely don’t give water much thought, just turn on the tap. In the west, water is precious, coveted, fought over.

With that backdrop, let’s get some statistics out of the way.

First, how is water used? Nationally, municipal and domestic use accounts for about 13% of all water use, agriculture 32%, power generation 45% and 10% miscellaneous uses. In the western united states, where water is scarcer, the figures are much different. There, 72% of water used is in agriculture, 22% municipal and domestic, and the balance is a mix.

That may come as a surprise to many that believe urban sprawl and development are the evil users of water. Not really. Not only is the share of water use surprisingly low, most, upwards of 90% of that water returns to the hydrograph in the form of treated wastewater discharge to be used again. In Colorado, my home state, we say “flush, California needs the water.”

In fact, as a result of education and conservation, the nation’s municipal water utilities use approximately the same amount of water now that it did in 1970, despite the population increasing by 40% in that same. Some good news.

The next question is where does the water come from? It depends on who’s using the water and where they reside. The vast majority of water use for domestic, industrial, and municipal uses comes from surface water. For agriculture, nearly 30% comes from groundwater. In some states, this figure is dramatically higher.

Despite far too many states failing to understand the interconnection between surface and groundwater (another reason politicians shouldn’t be left to their own when it comes to science), most groundwater withdrawals tap water connected with a surface stream (tributary water). The exceptions are confined aquifers such as the Ogallala in the great plains, that stretches from South Dakota to Texas. But that is a whole other post.

So, back to my original point. MY WATER. Water knows no geographical or political boundaries. It is a resource to be used wisely and once used available to others. Like energy, water can never be consumed to extinction. All the water that once was at the time of the dinosaurs remains today. Its wise use and recognition as a precious resource will ensure that future generations have an ample supply. How that is done is for the next couple of posts. Stay hydrated and stay tuned.